Indlu yeziqukathi iyisakhiwo esakhiwe ngaphambilini esinesakhiwo sensimbi njengomzimba omkhulu.Wonke amayunithi e-modular ayiyunithi yesakhiwo kanye namayunithi wendawo.Banezinhlaka ezizimele ezisekelayo ezingancikile ngaphandle.Ingaphakathi lamamojula lihlukaniswe ngezikhala ezahlukene ngokuya ngezidingo zokusebenza.Izindlu zamasitsha zinezici zokukhiqiza okuthuthukisiwe, ezokuthutha ezikahle, ukuqaqa nokuhlanganisa, nokusetshenziswa kabusha, futhi zisetshenziswe emhlabeni wonke.Njengenye yezinto ezintsha ezinhle emlandweni wezokwakha ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, indlu yeziqukathi ifakwe ohlwini yi-American “Business Weekly” njengenye yezinto eziqanjiwe ezibalulekile ezingama-20 okungenzeka kakhulu ziguqule indlela yokuphila yabantu emhlabeni. eminyakeni eyi-10 ezayo, okubangela ukunakwa okwengeziwe okuvela kubakhiqizi beziqukathi.Naka futhi uzilolonge ngentshiseko.
1 Imvelo enkulu yokuthuthukiswa kwezindlu zamabhokisi
Imvelo yangaphandle yebhizinisi ihlukaniswe yaba imvelo encane kanye ne-macro-environment: i-micro-environment ibhekisela endaweni ethile yokuphila nokuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi, okungukuthi, imvelo yezimboni kanye nemvelo yokuncintisana kwezimakethe ezithinta ngokuqondile. ukukhiqizwa nokusebenza kwebhizinisi., abathengi kanye nezinye izici, ithonya lalezi zici licacile, amabhizinisi okukhiqiza iziqukathi kulula ukuwaqonda;imvelo enkulu ibhekisela endaweni lapho ukukhiqizwa nokusebenza kwamabhizinisi kutholakala khona, okuhlanganisa indawo yezombangazwe, indawo esemthethweni, indawo yezomnotho, indawo yezenhlalo nezamasiko, indawo yezobuchwepheshe , izici zezemvelo nezimo eziphuthumayo, njll. Lezi zici zihlala zisebenza ku imakethe kuqala, bese ithinta ibhizinisi ngokungaqondile.Bangaphezu kwamandla ebhizinisi.Akulula ukuthi izinkampani ezikhiqiza iziqukathi zikubambe kahle.Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlaziya umthelela wemvelo yamanje enkulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlu zamabhokisi.
1.1 Indawo yezepolitiki
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kugqugquzela ukulungiswa okukhulu kwesakhiwo somnotho wamazwe ngamazwe, kuqhubekisele phambili ukusheshisa ukuhlelwa kabusha nokugeleza kwezici zokukhiqiza emhlabeni wonke, futhi ukuthunyelwa nokudluliselwa kwezimboni zokukhiqiza ngamazwe athuthukile kunikeza amathuba abalulekile amaqhinga okuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe lami.dlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu.Embikweni Womsebenzi Kahulumeni ka-2008, “khuthaza ukuhlelwa kabusha komnotho, uguqule indlela yentuthuko, ulawule ngokuqinile ukutshalwa kwezimali okungaboni kanye nokwakhiwa okungenasidingo ezimbonini ezisetshenziswa kakhulu amandla, ukukhishwa okuphezulu, namandla angaphezu kwamandla, futhi kwandise amazinga okufinyelela kanye nezilinganiso zemali yephrojekthi ezimbonini nciphisa intuthuko.”Okuqukethwe "kukhomba inkomba yentuthuko yokukhiqiza nokusebenza kwebhizinisi.Njengomkhiqizo osuselwe kwiziqukathi ezinobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, onenani eliphezulu, izindlu zeziqukathi zihlinzeka ngamathuba angokoqobo embonini yeziqukathi ukulungisa ukwakheka komkhiqizo, ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukubeka isisekelo esiqinile sentuthuko yesikhathi eside, kanye nokuzuza intuthuko esimeme.
1.2 Indawo esemthethweni
1.2.1 Izinto zokonga amandla
Selokhu kwaba nenkinga yamandla emhlabeni ngo-1973, amazwe abeke ukongiwa kwamandla okwakha njengento okugxilwe kuwo umsebenzi wokongiwa kwamandla, futhi ahlela ngokulandelana futhi aqalisa uchungechunge lwemithetho nezindinganiso zokwakha ukongiwa kwamandla.
Uhulumeni wase-US wamemezela “Imithetho Yokongiwa Kwamandla Ezakhiwo Ezintsha Zokwakha” ngoDisemba 1977, futhi wenza “Umthetho Kazwelonke Wokongiwa Kwamandla Kagesi” ukuze kusetshenziswe izindinganiso zokonga ugesi eziyisisekelo ezakhiweni nasezimpahleni zasendlini.Lawa mazinga abuyekezwa ngokuqhubekayo futhi aqina kakhulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezifundeni ezithuthuke ngokwezomnotho njengeCalifornia naseNew York, izindinganiso zokonga ugesi ziqinile kunalezo zikahulumeni wobumbano.
I-Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) ibe idokhumenti yomthetho eyimpoqo ye-European Union ngoJanuwari 2003 futhi iyidokhumenti yenqubomgomo yohlaka ebaluleke kakhulu yokwakha ukongiwa kwamandla e-European Union.Selokhu i-EPBD yaqala ukusebenza, amazwe angamalungu e-EU asungule noma athuthukisa imithetho yokwakha yokonga amandla ngokuvumelana nezidingo ze-EPBD futhi kuhlanganiswe nemibandela yawo ethile.Bese wonga amandla ngo-25%~30%;�I-Germany iqalise imithetho emisha yokonga amandla ebhilidini ngo-April 2006. Lo mthetho uchaza kabanzi ngezimfuneko zokusetshenziswa kwe-EPBD kuzo zonke izici, futhi ubeka izimfuneko zokusetshenziswa kwamandla ezincane ze-coefficient yomumo wezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene.
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980s, izwe lami liye lamemezela ngokulandelana izinqubomgomo zokwakha ukonga ugesi kanye nokwakhiwa kwamazinga okonga ugesi, njenge-JGJ26-1995 “Amazinga Omklamo Wokwakha Amandla Okonga Amandla (Izakhiwo Zokushisisa Izakhiwo)”, JGJ134-2001 “Ukongiwa Kwamandla Ezakhiwo Zokuhlala Izindawo Zasehlobo Ezishisayo Nezasebusika Ezibandayo”.Amazinga Wokuklama", JGJ75-2003 "Amazinga Wokuklama Wokulondoloza Amandla Ezakhiwo Zokuhlala Ezindaweni Ezishisayo Zasehlobo Nezasebusika Ezifudumele", GB50189-2005 "Amazinga Okuklama Okokonga Amandla Ezakhiwo Zomphakathi" njll.;uhlelo.
1.2.2 Izici zokuphepha zikagesi
Ukuphepha kukagesi akuhlobene kuphela nokuphepha komuntu siqu, kodwa futhi kuhlobene nokuphepha kwezakhiwo, imishini kagesi kanye nezinye izinto kanye nomsebenzi ojwayelekile wemishini kagesi.Amazwe amaningi athuthukile anamathisele ukubaluleka okukhulu ezindabeni zokuphepha zikagesi futhi enza imithetho ekhethekile yokuphepha kukagesi.I-“Electrical Regulations” kanye “Ne-Low Voltage Directive” ye-European Union, njll. Le mithetho yokuphepha kukagesi idlale indima enhle ekuvikeleni ukuphepha komuntu siqu kanye nokuvimbela imililo kagesi.
I-"National Electrical Code" yase-United States ihlanganisa ngokugcwele isimiso sokuphepha sikagesi "esiqondiswe kubantu".Isho ngokucacile ekhasini layo eliyisiqalo: “Inhloso yalo mthethonqubo ukuhlinzeka ngokuphepha kwabantu nempahla, nokugwema izingozi ezibangelwa ukusetshenziswa kukagesi.”Ngokusho kobuchwepheshe bamuva kanye nezidingo zezimboni, i-National Fire Protection Association yase-United States ibuyekeza i-National Electrical Code njalo eminyakeni emithathu, ukuze lo mbhalo obaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wokuphepha kagesi e-United States ube nemithetho eqinile nenemininingwane, eqinile. umbhalo, nokuthembeka okuqinile.Ukusebenza, nokugcina imvelo ethuthukisiwe yamazinga kanye nokucaciswa kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni, ujabulele idumela eliphezulu emhlabeni.
Ngenxa yezizathu zomlando, ukwakhiwa kwemithetho yokuphepha kagesi yezwe lami kubhekisela kumazinga e-Soviet Union yangaphambili "Imithetho Yokufaka Ukufakwa Kagesi", egcizelela kuphela ukuvikelwa kwemishini futhi ayinawo umqondo "wokuhloswe ngabantu"., Ezinye izinhlinzeko zinezinkinga ezinjengokungaqondakali, ukuphikisana, nobunzima bokusebenzisa, futhi umjikelezo wokubuyekeza mude, ongasahlangabezani nezidingo zentuthuko yamanje esheshayo yezenhlalo nezomnotho.Ngakho-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe athuthukile, kusenegebe elikhulu emithethweni yokuphepha kukagesi yezwe lami.
1.3 Imvelo yezomnotho
Enkathini yenhlekelele yangemva kwezimali, umnotho womhlaba uyalingana futhi ngezindleko zokukhula ngesivinini esiphansi, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke kanye nendawo yemakethe yokuhwebelana yamazwe ngamazwe ilinganiselwe, futhi ukuncintisana kwezimakethe kushubile;amazwe athuthukile aphinde agcizelele ukukhiqizwa, ukukhiqiza kanye nokuthekelisa, futhi imodeli yokukhula komnotho isishintshele “ekusungulweni kabusha kwezimboni” , hhayi nje ukunciphisa indawo yemakethe yamazwe athuthukile, kodwa futhi ingase iqhudelane namazwe asathuthuka ukuze imakethe.Ukungqubuzana kokulinganisa kabusha komnotho womhlaba wonke sekudale ukuvikelwa kohwebo okungathi sína, futhi imikhakha, ububanzi kanye nezinhloso zokungezwani kwezohwebo sekwaba banzi, okuletha izinselele ezinkulu ekuthuthukisweni kwekusasa kwezohwebo lomhlaba.Njengoba sibhekene nesimo esinjalo somnotho, amabhizinisi ezwe lami agxile ekukhiqizeni amakhonteyina agxile kwamanye amazwe kufanele alungise amasu awo ebhizinisi ngesikhathi, andise izimakethe ezintsha zokuthekelisa, futhi agweme ukugcwala ngokweqile kwezimakethe zangaphandle;kancane kancane ishintsha isuka isu elibizayo lokuncintisana iye isu elihlukene lokuncintisana, futhi inake kakhulu ucwaningo Oluzimele kanye nentuthuko kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha, ithuthukise ukuncintisana okuyisisekelo, futhi ikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa okusimeme kwamabhizinisi.
1.4 Imvelo yenhlalo namasiko
1.4.1 Ukushintsha kwendlela yokuphila
Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, izindlela zokuphila zabantu zibe nezinguquko ezinkulu, ezikhuthaze ukucabanga okusha ngendawo abahlala kuyo.Izidingo zabantu zezindlu azisanqunyelwe kuphela endaweni yokukhosela emoyeni nasemvuleni, futhi izidingo ezintsha ezifana nokunethezeka, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukonga amandla, kanye nemvelo ziyaqhubeka nokuvela.Kwahlongozwa ukuthi imodeli eyodwa yokwakha yendabuko ingasakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu ngabanye, futhi izindlu zamakhonteyina ziwumbono omusha, njengezindlu zabafundi zamakhonteyina e-Amsterdam, eNetherlands, amahhotela omnotho wamabhokisi eLondon, eNgilandi, kanye namadolobha amakhonteyina asethekwini. endaweni, naseNaples, e-Italy.Isitolo se-Container Puma franchise, umnyuziyamu we-container nomadic eTokyo, Japan, njll.
1.4.2 Umthelela Wesakhiwo Sezibalo
Ukucindezela kwenani labantu emhlabeni wonke kuya ngokuya kushuba, okugqanyiswa ukwanda kwabantu emazweni asathuthuka nokuguga kwabantu emazweni athuthukile.Abathengi beminyaka ehlukene banomehluko osobala ezidingweni zokusetshenziswa nokuziphatha.Kubantu abasha nabadala abanezimo zomnotho ezimbi, umgomo wokusetshenziswa kwezindlu kufanele kube izindlu ezithengekayo.Izici zokusatshalaliswa kwezindlu zezimboni zaseMelika ezakhiwe kusukela kuma-RV kanye neminyaka yabathengi zibonisa leli qiniso: Izindlu zezimboni zaseMelika zigxile kakhulu ezifundeni eziseningizimu ezisalele emuva ngokwezomnotho, futhi iningi labathengi bangamaqembu ahola kancane, ikakhulukazi abancane nabadala .Njengohlobo lwezindlu ezithuthukisiwe, izindlu zamakhonteyina zinentuthuko enkulu phakathi kwamaqembu ahola kancane, ikakhulukazi abantu abasha nabadala.
1.5 Indawo yobuchwepheshe
Imvelo yezobuchwepheshe isho izinga lobuchwepheshe, amandla ezobuchwepheshe, inqubomgomo yezobuchwepheshe kanye nenkambiso yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe endaweni yezenhlalo lapho ibhizinisi likhona.Indawo yobuchwepheshe yezindlu zamabhokisi ihlanganisa kokubili isayensi yezakhiwo nobuchwepheshe kanye nobuchwepheshe obusekelayo obuhlobene nokuthuthwa kwamabhokisi.Ukuphambana kwazo kuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe be-modular bezindlu zamabhokisi ngokusekelwe kwisayensi yezakhiwo nobuchwepheshe.
Ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe besimanje, ikakhulukazi ukuxhumana ngamakhompiyutha kanye nobuchwepheshe benethiwekhi, sekwenze inani elikhulu lemishini yesimanje kanye nempumelelo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ukuthi isetshenziswe ezakhiweni, futhi ubuhlakani bokwakha buthola ukunakwa nocwaningo olunzulu;izinkinga ezimbili ezinkulu emhlabeni wonke, ukushoda kwezinsiza kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, kukhuthazwa Ngokuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo ngendlela yokuvikela indawo yemvelo, ukonga amandla, kanye nezinsiza zokugaywa kabusha.Lapho abakhiqizi bezindlu zeziqukathi bethuthukisa imikhiqizo yendlu yeziqukathi, akumele banake nje kuphela ubuchwepheshe bokuthuthwa kweziqukathi, kodwa futhi balandele eduze izinga lobuchwepheshe kanye nentuthuko yemboni yezokwakha, bahlale behambisana nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha bokwakha, izinto ezintsha, nezinto ezintsha. izinqubo, ukuze ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlu zezitsha kukwazi ukuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlu zamabhokisi.Ijubane lokushintsha izikhathi.
1.6 Izici zemvelo
Njengamanje, umphakathi wesintu ubhekene nezinselele ezingathi sína zokuntuleka kwamandla nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo.Ngokwezibalo, ukwakhiwa kudla cishe u-50% wemithombo yemvelo yomhlaba, imfucumfucu yokwakha ibamba u-40% wemfucuza ekhiqizwa imisebenzi yabantu, kanye nokunukubezeka komoya, ukungcoliswa kokukhanya, kanye nokungcoliswa kazibuthe okuhlobene ne-akhawunti yokwakha ku-akhawunti engama-34% yemvelo yonke. ukungcola.Njengomkhiqizo obaluleke kakhulu wempucuko yabantu, izakhiwo seziphenduke ezingasimamisi kumodeli yazo yendabuko yentuthuko.Ukuhlola imodeli yentuthuko esimeme yezakhiwo, ukuphishekela ukubambisana phakathi kwentuthuko yezomnotho nenhlalakahle, izinsiza kanye nemvelo, futhi sifinyelele ukuzwana phakathi komuntu nemvelo sekuyisidingo esiphuthumayo sezakhiwo sokuthuthukiswa kwemboni.Ngo-1993, i-18th Congress ye-International Association of Architects yashicilela "Isimemezelo saseChicago" esinendikimba ethi "Architecture at the Crossroads-Building a Sustainable Future", eyaveza ukuthi "izakhiwo kanye nendawo eyakhiwe kuyo idlala indima ebalulekile umthelela wabantu endaweni yemvelo.”Izici zidlala indima ebalulekile;ukuklama ngokuhambisana nemigomo yentuthuko esimeme kudinga ukucatshangelwa okuphelele kwezinsiza kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla, umthelela empilweni, nokukhetha izinto ezibonakalayo.”Izindlu zamabhokisi zihlanganisa imiqondo yokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezinsiza, ukongiwa kwamandla kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, futhi zingenye yezindlela zokubona ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezakhiwo.
1.7 Izimo eziphuthumayo
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinhlekelele ezibangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo kanye nesimo sezulu esibi esingavamile kuye kwanda kakhulu.Ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba, lapho inani elikhulu lezindlu selicekeleke phansi, izisulu zizosuswa.Izindlu zamakhonteyina zinezici zezindlu zokuhlaliswa kabusha ezijwayelekile.Kuye kwaba nokuhlangenwe nakho okuningi okuphumelelayo ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe ekuxazululeni ngokushesha izinkinga zokuphila zezisulu.Kuzokwanda isidingo sezindlu zamakhonteyina njengezindlu zokuhlaliswa kabusha kwangemva kokuzamazama komhlaba.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-23-2022