I-East Prefabricated House Manufacture (Shandong) Co., Ltd.

Umlando wezindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambilini

P

ost-World War II Prefabricated Aluminium and Steel Houses kanye Nokubaluleka Kwazo Namuhla

1. Isendlalelo

Ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II (WW II), ubunikazi bezindlu zase-US behle bafika phansi bangama-43.6% ngo-1940, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuwohloka okukhulu komnotho kanye nokuntenga komnotho wase-US ngemiphumela yako.Ngesikhathi se-WW II, i-War Production Board yakhipha i-Conservation Order L-41 ngomhla ka-9 Ephreli 1942, ibeka konke ukwakhiwa ngaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile.Umyalo wenze kwadingeka ukuthi abakhi bathole ukugunyazwa Ebhodini Lokukhiqiza Ngempi ukuze baqale ukwakha okubiza ngaphezu kwemikhawulo ethile phakathi kwanoma isiphi isikhathi esiqhubekayo sezinyanga eziyi-12.Ekwakhiweni kwezindawo zokuhlala, lowo mkhawulo wawungama-dollar angu-500, nemikhawulo ephakeme yokwakhiwa kwebhizinisi nokulima.Umthelela walezi zici ekwakhiweni kwezindawo zokuhlala zase-US phakathi kuka-1921 no-1945 ubonakala eshadini elilandelayo, elibonisa ukwehla okukhulu ngesikhathi Sokuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho futhi futhi ngemva kokukhishwa kwe-oda L-41.

INANI-SOKWAKHIWA-1921-1945

 

Umthombo: "Ukwakhiwa Kweminyaka Yempi - 1942 -45,"
Umnyango Wezabasebenzi wase-US, Ibhulethini No. 915

Ekupheleni kwe-WW II, i-US yayinamasosha alinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-7.6 phesheya kwezilwandle.I-War Production Board yahoxisa i-L-41 ngo-15 Okthoba 1945, izinyanga ezinhlanu ngemva kosuku lwe-VE (Victory in Europe) ngo-8 May 1945 kanye namasonto ayisithupha ngemva kokuphela kwe-WW II lapho iJapane inikezela ngokusemthethweni ngo-2 Septemba 1945. Ezinyangeni ezinhlanu kusukela ngosuku lwe-VE , amasosha angaba yizigidi ezintathu ayesebuyele e-US.Ngemuva kokuphela kwempi, i-US yayibhekene nokubuya okuzayo kwezigidi ezimbalwa zomakadebona.Abaningi kuleli qembu elikhulu lomakadebona bebezofuna ukuthenga amakhaya ezimakethe zezindlu abebengakulungele ukufika kwabo.Phakathi nesikhathi esifushane sonyaka ngemva kokuhoxiswa kwe-oda L-41, umthamo wanyanga zonke wezindleko zezindlu ezizimele ukhuphuke ngokuphindwe kahlanu.Lesi bekuyisiqalo nje sokukhula kwezindlu zangemva kwempi e-US.

Ngo-March 1946Isayensi Ethandwayoisihloko sikamagazini esithi “Stopgap Housing,” umbhali, uHartley Howe, waphawula, “Ngisho noma manje kwakhiwa izindlu ezihlala unomphela eziyi-1,200,000 minyaka yonke - futhi i-United States ayikaze yakhe ngisho ne-1,000,000 ngonyaka owodwa - kuzoba iminyaka eyi-10 isizwe sakhiwe ngendlela efanele.Ngakho-ke, izindlu zesikhashana zibalulekile ukuze kunqandwe lelo gebe.”Ukuze unikeze usizo olusheshayo, uhulumeni Wombuso wenze ukuba kutholakale izinkulungwane eziningi zamaqhugwana ensimbi engeziwe e-Quonset ukuze kuhlaliswe izakhamuzi zesikhashana.

Njengoba zibhekene nenselelo ehlukile esikhathini esisheshayo sangemva kwempi, izimboni eziningi zesikhathi sempi zanqanyulwa noma zakhanselwa futhi ukukhiqizwa kwefekthri kuye kwamiswa.Ngokuncipha kokukhiqizwa kwezempi, imboni yezindiza yaseMelika yafuna amanye amathuba okusebenzisa isipiliyoni sayo sokwenziwa kwe-aluminium, insimbi namapulasitiki emnothweni wangemva kwempi.

2. I-post-WW II prefab aluminiyamu nezindlu zensimbi e-US

Omagazini bezi-2 kuMandulo 1946 kaIzindaba Zokundizakwakunesihloko esithi “Imboni Yezindiza Izokwenza Izindlu Ze-Aluminium Zama-Veteran,” eyabika okulandelayo:

  • “Kulindeleke ukuthi abakhiqizi bezindiza abangamashumi amabili nesigamu babambe iqhaza maduze ohlelweni lukahulumeni lwezindlu esezakhiwe.”
  • “Izinkampani zezindiza zizogxila kakhulu emiklamo egunyaziwe ye-FHA (Federal Housing Administration) eyi-aluminium kanye nenhlanganisela yayo ne-plywood kanye nokufakwa kwensimbi, kuyilapho ezinye izinkampani zizokwakha ama-prefabs ngensimbi nezinye izinto.Imiklamo izonikezwa abakhiqizi. "
  • “Cishe wonke amashidi e-aluminiyamu e-war-surplus asetshenziselwe ukufulela nokufaka amacele kumaphrojekthi wokwakha aphuthumayo;cishe akukho neyodwa esele yohlelo lwe-prefab.I-Civilian Production Administration ithole ku-FHA imininingwane yeshidi le-aluminium nezinye izinto ezizokhiqizwa, okungenzeka zibe ngaphansi kwezinto ezibalulekile.Iningi leshidi le-aluminium lama-prefabs lizoba ngu-12 kuya ku-20 gauge - .019 - .051 intshi."

Ngo-Okthoba 1946,Izindaba Zokundizaumagazini wabika, “Impi esongelayo ye-aluminum yokwakha izindlu, yezindiza nenqwaba yemikhiqizo yangemva kwempi ngo-1947 ayithathwa ngokungathi sína kakhulu i-National Housing Agency, exoxisana nezinkampani zezindiza ukuze kwakhiwe izindlu zamaphaneli e-aluminium esezizakhiwe ngenani eliphakeme ngonyaka. 500. ukukhiqizwa kwezindlu ngo-1947, uma zisondela ekuhlangabezaneni neziphakamiso ze-NHA, kungaba kukhulu kunokukhiqizwa kwazo kwezindiza, manje ezilinganiselwa ngaphansi kwezigidigidi eziyi-1 zamaRandi ngo-1946.”

Ngasekupheleni kuka-1946, u-FHA Administrator, uWilson Wyatt, waphakamisa ukuthi i-War Assets Administration (WAA), eyasungulwa ngoJanuwari 1946 ukuze ilahle impahla nezinto ezisetshenziswa uhulumeni, ibambe okwesikhashana izimboni zezindiza ezingaphezulu ekuqashisweni noma ukudayiswa futhi zinikeze izindiza. abakhiqizi bancamela ukufinyelela ezimbonini eziyinsalela zesikhathi sempi ezingaguqulelwa ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi bezindlu.I-WAA yavuma.

Ngaphansi kohlelo lukahulumeni, abakhiqizi bezindlu ze-prefab bebezovikeleka ngokwezimali ngeziqinisekiso ze-FHA zokumboza u-90% wezindleko, okuhlanganisa nesithembiso se-Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) sokuthenga noma yimiphi imizi engathengiswa.

Abakhiqizi bezindiza abaningi babe nezingxoxo zokuqala ne-FHA, okuhlanganisa: Douglas, McDonnell, Martin, Bell, Fairchild, Curtis-Wright, Consolidated-Vultee, North American, Goodyear kanye noRyan.U-Boeing akazange angene kulezo zingxoxo futhi uDouglas, McDonnell noRyan baphuma kusenesikhathi.Ekugcineni, abakhiqizi bezindiza abaningi bebengazimisele ukuzibophezela ohlelweni lwezindlu lwangemva kwempi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwabo mayelana nokuphazamisa ingqalasizinda yefekthri yezindiza ekhona ngokususelwa kuzilinganiso zemakethe ezingaqinisekile zobukhulu kanye nobude bemakethe yezindlu ezandulela kanye nokuntuleka kwenkontileka ethile. iziphakamiso ezivela ku-FHA kanye ne-NHA.

Icala lokuqala lebhizinisi lezindlu ze-aluminium zangemuva kwempi kanye nensimbi ezakhiwe ngaphambili kwakuwukuthi zingakhiqizwa ngokushesha ngamanani amakhulu futhi zidayiswe ngenzuzo ngentengo engaphansi kwezindlu ezivamile ezakhiwe ngokhuni.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani ezikhiqiza izindiza zibuyisele enye yevolumu yomsebenzi elahlekile ngemuva kokuphela kweWW II futhi zavikeleka ezingozini eziningi zezezimali emisebenzini yokukhiqiza izindlu ze-prefab.

Akumangalisi ukuthi osonkontileka abakha nezinyunyana zemboni yezokwakha babemelene nalolu hlelo lokukhiqiza ngobuningi izindlu ezakhiwe emafemini, ngoba lokhu kuzosusa ibhizinisi embonini yezokwakha.Emadolobheni amaningi izinyunyana bezingavumi ukuthi amalungu azo afake izinto esezizakhiwe.Okunye okuxakayo, amakhodi okwakha endawo kanye nemithetho yokuklama imingcele yayingahambisani nokusatshalaliswa okukhulu okuhleliwe kwezindlu ezikhiqizwe ngobuningi, ezakhiwe kuqala.

Amathemba anethemba lokukhiqiza kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinombolo ezinkulu zezindlu ze-aluminiyamu nensimbi ezenziwe ngaphambili e-post-WW II USA awakaze abonakale.Kunokuba benze amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezindlu ngonyaka, abakhiqizi abalandelayo abahlanu base-US bakhiqize isamba sezindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambilini ze-aluminium nensimbi ezingaphansi kwezi-2,600 eminyakeni eyishumi eyalandela iWW II: Beech Aircraft, Lincoln Houses Corp., Consolidated-Vultee, Lustron Corp. . kanye ne-Aluminium Company of America (Alcoa).Ngokuphambene, abakhi abahlinzeka ngezindlu ezivamile bakhiqize isamba samayunithi angama-37,200 ngo-1946 kanye nezi-37,400 ngo-1947. Isidingo semakethe sasikhona, kodwa hhayi izindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambili ze-aluminium nensimbi.

I-US post-WW II eyakhiwe ngaphambili i-aluminium nezindlu zensimbi

Laba bakhiqizi base-US abazange babambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekusizeni ukuxazulula ukushoda kwezindlu zangemva kwe-WW II.Noma kunjalo, lezi zindlu ze-aluminium nezensimbi zisamile njengezibonelo ezibalulekile zezindlu ezithengekayo, ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo, ezingakhiqizwa ngobuningi nanamuhla ukusiza ukuxazulula ukushoda kwezindlu ezithengekayo ezindaweni eziningi zasemadolobheni nasezindaweni ezingaphansi kwedolobha lase-US.

Ezinye zezidingo zezindlu zase-US zangemva kwe-WW II zahlangatshezwana negebe lokumisa, izindlu zesikhashana kusetshenziswa izindlu ezihloselwe kabusha, izinsimbi zesikhathi sempi ze-Quonset, izindlu zamasosha, izindawo zokuhlala zesikhashana ezinohlaka olulula, izindawo zokukhosela eziphathekayo, ama-trailer, “nezindlu ezidilikayo. ,” ezaziklanyelwe ukuba zihlakazwe, zinyakaze futhi zihlanganiswe nomaphi lapho kudingeka khona.Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-post-WW II stop gap housing in the US in Hartley Howe's March 1946 article in Popular Science (bheka isixhumanisi ngezansi).

Imboni yezokwakha yakhula ngokushesha ngemva kwe-WW II ukusiza ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sezindlu ngezindlu ezihlala njalo ezakhiwe ngokujwayelekile, eziningi zakhiwa emapheshaneni ezindlu ezinkulu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezikhula ngokushesha.Phakathi kuka-1945 no-1952, i-Veterans Administration yabika ukuthi isekele imali ebolekiwe ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-24 kumakadebona we-WW II.Laba bomakadebona basize ukukhulisa ubunikazi bezindlu base-US busuka ku-43.6% ngo-1940 baya ku-62% ngo-1960.

Izindlu ezimbili ze-aluminiyamu nezensimbi zase-US ezakhiwe ngaphambilini zangemva kwe-WW II sezibuyiselwe futhi ziboniswa esidlangalaleni kumamnyuziyamu alandelayo:

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungavakashela izindlu eziningana ze-WW II Quonset e-Seabees Museum kanye ne-Memorial Park eNyakatho Kingstown, e-Rhode Island.Azikho ezihlotshiswe njengefulethi lezakhamuzi zangemva kweWW II.Iwebhusayithi yemyuziyamu ilapha:https://www.seabeesmuseum.com

Uzothola ulwazi olwengeziwe ezihlokweni zami eziphathelene nezindlu ze-aluminiyamu nensimbi ezenziwe ngaphambili zase-US zangemuva kwe-WW II kulezi zixhumanisi ezilandelayo:

3. I-post-WW II prefab aluminiyamu nezindlu zensimbi e-UK

Ekupheleni kwe-WW II eYurophu (Usuku lwe-VE luyi-8 May 1945), i-UK yabhekana nokushoda okukhulu kwezindlu njengoba amasosha abo abuyela ekhaya ezweni elalilahlekelwe yimizi engaba ngu-450,000 ngenxa yomonakalo wezimpi.

Ngomhla zingama-26 kuNdasa 1944, uWinston Churchill wenza inkulumo ebalulekile ethembisa ukuthi i-UK izokwakha izindlu ezingu-500,000 ezakhiwe ngaphambili ukuze kubhekwane nokushoda kwezindlu okwakusondela.Kamuva onyakeni, iPhalamende laphasisa uMthetho Wezezindlu (Indawo Yesikhashana), ka-1944, wakhokhisa uMnyango Wezokwakha Kabusha ngokuthuthukisa izixazululo zokushoda kwezindlu okusondelayo kanye nokuletha izindlu ezingama-300,000 phakathi neminyaka eyi-10, ngesabelomali sezigidi eziyi-150 zamarandi.

Umthetho uhlinzeke ngamasu amaningana, okuhlanganisa nokwakhiwa kwezindlu zesikhashana, ezakhiwe ngaphambili ezinempilo ehleliwe efinyelela eminyakeni eyi-10.Uhlelo lwezindlu zesikhashana (i-THP) belwaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi wuhlelo lwezindlu lwe-Emergency Factory Made (EFM).Amazinga ajwayelekile athuthukiswe yi-Ministry of Works (MoW) adinga ukuthi wonke amayunithi e-EFM akhiwe ngaphambili abe nezici ezithile, okuhlanganisa:

  • Ubuncane bendawo yesitezi esingamamitha-skwele angama-635 (59 m2)
  • Ubukhulu bobubanzi bamamojula enziwe ngaphambili obungu-7.5 amafidi (2.3 m) ukunika amandla ezokuthutha ngomgwaqo ezweni lonke
  • Sebenzisa umqondo we-MoW 'weyunithi yesevisi,' ebeka ikhishi negumbi lokugezela ngokulandelana ukuze kube lula umzila wamapayipi kanye nezintambo zikagesi kanye nokwenza lula ukukhiqizwa kwefekthri kweyunithi.
  • Ifekthri ependiwe, ene-“magnolia” (yellow-white) njengombala oyinhloko kanye nohlaza olucwebezelayo njengombala wokunquma.

Ngo-1944, uMnyango Wezemisebenzi wase-UK wabamba umbukiso womphakathi e-Tate Gallery eLondon wezinhlobo ezinhlanu zezindlu zesikhashana ezakhiwe ngaphambili.

  • I-Portal all-steel prototype bungalow yasekuqaleni
  • I-AIROH (Aircraft Industries Research Organization on Housing) i-aluminium bungalow, eyenziwe ngempahla yendiza eyinsalela.
  • I-bungalow eyenziwe ngensimbi ye-Arcon enamaphaneli kakhonkolo we-asbestos.Le deign ithathelwe ku-prototype ye-Portal yensimbi yonke.
  • Imiklamo emibili ye-prefab enohlaka lwamapulangwe, i-Tarran ne-Uni-Seco

Lo mbukiso othandwayo waphinde wenziwa ngo-1945 eLondon.

Izinkinga zochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla zibambezele ukuqala kohlelo lwe-EFM.I-Portal yensimbi yonke yashiywa ngo-Agasti 1945 ngenxa yokushoda kwensimbi.Maphakathi no-1946, ukushoda kwezinkuni kwathinta abanye abakhiqizi be-prefab.Zombili izindlu ze-AIROH ne-Arcon bezibhekene nokukhuphuka kwezindleko zokukhiqiza nokwakha okungalindelekile, okwenza lezi zindlu zangasese zesikhashana zibize kakhulu ukwakha kunezindlu ezakhiwe ngokwejwayelekile zamapulangwe nezitini.

Ngaphansi Kohlelo Lokubolekwa Kwemali olwamenyezelwa ngoFebhruwari 1945, i-US yavuma ukunikeza i-UK ama-bungalows akhiwe e-US, uhlaka lokhuni olwakhiwe ngaphambili olwaziwa nge-UK 100. Ukunikezwa kokuqala kwakungamayunithi angu-30,000, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwehliswa kwaba ngu-8,000.Lesi sivumelwano sokubolekwa kwemali saphela ngo-Agasti 1945 njengoba i-UK iqala ukuhlanganisa ukukhiqiza kwayo izindlu ezakhiwe kuqala.Izakhiwo zokuqala eziyi-100 ezakhiwe e-US zafika ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi/ekuqaleni kukaJuni 1945.

Uhlelo lwase-UK lokwakhiwa kabusha kwezindlu lwangemva kwempi lwaba yimpumelelo kakhulu, lwaletha izindlu ezintsha ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-1.2 phakathi kuka-1945 no-1951. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi sokwakha kabusha, izindlu zesikhashana eziyi-156,623 zazo zonke izinhlobo zalethwa ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-EFM, olwaphela ngo-1949, luhlinzeka ngezindlu zokuhlala. abantu abangaba yingxenye yesigidi.Ngaphezu kuka-92,800 kulawa bekungama-bungalows esikhashana e-aluminium nensimbi.I-AIROH aluminium bungalow bekuyimodeli ye-EFM ethandwa kakhulu, ilandelwa yi-bungalow ye-Arcon steel frame bese kuba uhlaka lokhuni i-Uni-Seco.Ukwengeza, ngaphezu kwezi-48,000 izindlu ezihlala unomphela ze-aluminiyamu nensimbi ezakhiwe ngaphambilini zakhiwa ngabakwa-AW Hawksley kanye ne-BISF ngaleso sikhathi.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nenani elincane kakhulu le-aluminium yangemva kwempi kanye nezindlu zensimbi ezakhiwe ngaphambilini ezakhiwe e-US, ukukhiqizwa kwangemva kwempi kwe-aluminium nensimbi e-UK kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu.

Ku-athikili yangomhla zingama-25 kuJuni 2018 kuManchester Evening News, umbhali uChris Osuh ubike ukuthi, "Kucatshangwa ukuthi phakathi kwe-6 noma i-7,000 yama-prefabs yangemva kwempi asala e-UK….." I-Prefab Museum igcina imephu ehlangene esebenzisanayo eyaziwayo. Izindawo ze-post-WW II prefab house e-UK kulesi sixhumanisi esilandelayo:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/history/map

I-Prefab-Museum-map-850x1024

 Isithombe-skrini semephu esebenzisanayo ye-Prefab Museum (engabandakanyi ama-prefabs e-Shetlands, angaphezulu kwalesi sithombe-skrini).

 

E-UK, isimo seBanga II sisho ukuthi isakhiwo sibalulekile ezweni lonke futhi sinentshisekelo ekhethekile.Zimbalwa kuphela izethulo zesikhashana zangemva kwempi ezinikezwe isimo njengezakhiwo ezisohlwini lweBanga II:

  • Endaweni yasePhoenix steel frame bungalows eyakhiwa ngo-1945 kuWake Green Road, eMoseley, eBirmingham, amakhaya ayi-16 kwangu-17 anikezwe isikhundla seBanga II ngo-1998.
  • Ama-bungalows ayisithupha e-Uni-Seco wood frame akhiwa ngo-1945 - 46 e-Excalibur Estate, Lewisham, London anikezwa isikhundla seBanga II ngo-2009. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Excalibur Estates yayinenani elikhulu kunawo wonke lama-prefabs e-WW II e-UK: 187 isiyonke, izinhlobo eziningana.

Izinto ezimbalwa ezandulela impi zangemva kwempi zigcinwa kumamnyuziyamu e-UK futhi ziyatholakala ukuthi uzivakashele.

Ngicabanga ukuthi i-Prefab Museum iwumthombo ongcono kakhulu wolwazi mayelana nezandulela ze-post-WW II zase-UK.Ngenkathi idalwa ngoMashi 2014 ngu-Elisabeth Blanchet (umbhali wezincwadi ezimbalwa nezindatshana mayelana nezandulela zase-UK) kanye noJane Hearn, i-Prefab Museum yayinekhaya layo endaweni engenamuntu e-Excalibur Estate eningizimu yeLondon.Ngemva komlilo ngo-Okthoba 2014, imnyuziyamu ebonakalayo yavalwa kodwa iqhubekile nomsebenzi wayo wokuqoqa nokuqopha izinkumbulo, izithombe kanye nezikhumbuzo, ezethulwa ku-inthanethi ngewebhusayithi ye-Prefab Museum kulesi sixhumanisi esilandelayo:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk

Uzothola ulwazi olwengeziwe ezihlokweni zami mayelana ne-UK post-WW II eyakhiwe ngaphambili ye-aluminium nezindlu zensimbi kulezi zixhumanisi ezilandelayo:

4. I-post-WW II prefab aluminiyamu nezindlu zensimbi e-France

Ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, iFrance, njenge-UK, yaba nokushoda okukhulu kwezindlu ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezindlu nezindlu ezacekelwa phansi noma ezacekelwa phansi phakathi neminyaka yempi, ukuntuleka kokwakhiwa okusha phakathi naleso sikhathi, kanye nokushoda kwezinto zokwakha. ukwakhiwa ngemva kwempi.

Ukusiza ukukhulula okunye ukushoda kwezindlu ngo-1945, uNgqongqoshe Wezokwakha Kabusha Nezindawo Zasemadolobheni, uJean Monnet, wathenga izindlu ezakhiwe kuqala eziyi-8,000 UK 100 i-UK eyayizitholile e-US ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sokubolekwa kwemali.Lezi zakhiwe eHauts de France (eduze kwaseBelgium), eNormandy naseBrittany, lapho eziningi zisasetshenziswa nanamuhla.

Umnyango Wokwakha Kabusha Nokuhlelwa Kwedolobha wasungula izimfuneko zezindlu zesikhashana zabantu abaxoshwa yimpi.Phakathi kwezixazululo zokuqala ezazifunwa kwakukhona izindawo zokuhlala ezakhiwe kusengaphambili ezinobukhulu obungamamitha angu-6 x 6 (amafidi angu-19.6 x 19.6);kamuva ikhuliswe yaba amamitha angu-6 × 9 (19.6 x 29.5 amafidi).

Izindlu zesikhashana ezingaba ngu-154,000 (amaFulentshi ayebizwa ngokuthi “ama-baraque” ngaleso sikhathi), ngemiklamo eminingi eyahlukene, zakhiwa eFrance eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, ikakhulukazi enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeFrance ukusuka eDunkirk kuya eSaint-Nazaire.Eziningi zazingeniswa zivela eSweden, eFinland, eSwitzerland, e-Austria naseCanada.

Umgqugquzeli oyinhloko wokwenziwa kwe-aluminiyamu yasekhaya yaseFrance eyakhiwe kusengaphambili kanye nendlu yensimbi kwakunguJean Prouvé, owanikeza isixazululo esinoveli “sendlu edilikayo,” engakhiwa kalula futhi kamuva “yehliswe” futhi ithuthelwe kwenye indawo uma kudingeka.I-steel gantry-like "portal frame" yayiyisakhiwo esithwala umthwalo wendlu, uphahla ngokuvamile lwenziwa nge-aluminium, namapaneli angaphandle enziwe ngokhuni, i-aluminium noma impahla ehlanganisiwe.Eziningi zazo zakhiwe ngosayizi abacelwe uMnyango Wokwakha Kabusha.Ngesikhathi evakashele umhlangano wokucobelelana ngolwazi kaProuvé eMaxéville ngo-1949, u-Eugène Claudius-Petit, ngaleso sikhathi owayenguNgqongqoshe Wezokwakha Kabusha Nezindawo Zasemadolobheni, wazwakalisa ukuzimisela kwakhe ukukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni “kwezindlu ezongayo ezisanda kwakhiwa (ezakhiwe ngaphambili).”

Namuhla, eziningi zezindlu zika-Prouvé ze-aluminiyamu nezensimbi ezigaywayo zilondolozwa abaqoqi bezakhiwo kanye nobuciko u-Patrick Seguin (Galerie Patrick Seguin) no-Éric Touchaleaume (Galerie 54 kanye ne-la Friche l'Escalette).Izindlu eziyishumi zeProuvé's Standard Houses kanye nezindlu zakhe ezine zesitayela se-Maison ezakhiwe phakathi kuka-1949 - 1952 ziyizindawo zokuhlala endaweni encane eyaziwa ngokuthi.Cité“Sans souci,” ezindaweni zaseParis zaseMuedon.

Indawo yokuhlala ka-Prouvé yango-1954 kanye neshabhu yakhe yokusebenzela eyathuthwa ngo-1946 ivulekele izivakashi kusukela ngempelasonto yokuqala kaJuni kuya ngempelasonto yokugcina ngoSepthemba eNancy, eFrance.I-Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nancy ineqoqo elikhulu kakhulu lomphakathi lezinto ezenziwe ngu-Prouvé.

Umbhali u-Elisabeth Blanchet ubika ukuthi imnyuziyamu “i-Mémoire de Soye ikwazile ukwakha kabusha 'ama-baraque' amathathu ahlukene: i-UK 100, eyaseFrance kanye neyaseCanada.Balungiswa ngefenisha yempi kanye nenkathi yangemva kwempi.I-Mémoire de Soye ukuphela kwemnyuziyamu eFrance lapho ungavakashela khona izinto ezandulela impi.”I-museum itholakala eLorient, eBrittany.Iwebhusayithi yabo (ngesiFulentshi) ilapha:http://www.soye.org

Uzothola ulwazi olwengeziwe ngezindlu zase-French post-WW II ezakhiwe ngaphambili ze-aluminium nensimbi esihlokweni sami sezindlu ezidilikayo zikaJean Prouvé kulesi sixhumanisi esilandelayo:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Jean-Prouvé-demountable-houses-converted.pdf

5. Sengiphetha

E-US, ukukhiqizwa kwenqwaba yangemva kwempi kwezindlu ze-aluminiyamu ezenziwe ngaphambili nensimbi akuzange kwenzeke.ULustron wayengumkhiqizi omkhulu kakhulu onezindlu eziyi-2,498.E-UK, kwakhiwe ngaphezu kuka-92,800 ama-bungalows esikhashana e-aluminium nensimbi enziwe ngaphambili njengengxenye yokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sangemva kwempi esilethe isamba sezindlu zesikhashana ezakhiwe ngaphambili eziyi-156,623 zazo zonke izinhlobo phakathi kuka-1945 no-1949, lapho kuphela uhlelo.E-France, amakhulukhulu ezindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambili ze-aluminium nezensimbi zakhiwa ngemva kwe-WW II, eziningi zaqala ukusetshenziswa njengezindlu zesikhashana zabantu abaxoshwa yimpi.Amathuba okukhiqiza ngobuningi bezindlu ezinjalo awazange athuthuke eFrance.

Ukuntuleka kwempumelelo e-US kwavela ezintweni eziningana, okuhlanganisa:

  • Izindleko eziphezulu zokusungula ulayini wokukhiqiza ngobuningi wezindlu ezakhiwe, ngisho nasefekthri enkulu, enensalela yesikhathi sempi eyayitholakala kumkhiqizi wendlu ngemibandela emihle yezimali.
  • Uchungechunge lokunikezela ngezinto olungavuthiwe ukuze lusekele imboni yokukhiqiza izindlu (okungukuthi, abahlinzeki abahlukene bayadingeka kunefekthri yangaphambili yezindiza).
  • Ingqalasizinda yokuthengisa, ukusabalalisa kanye nokulethwa kwezindlu ezikhiqiziwe engasebenzi.
  • Amakhodi okwakha endawo ahlukahlukene, angalungisiwe kanye nemithetho yokuklama imile endleleni yokumisa nokumisa idizayini evamile, izindlu ezingezona ezejwayelekile.
  • Ukuphikiswa kwezinyunyana zezokwakha kanye nabasebenzi abebengafuni ukulahlekelwa wumsebenzi ngenxa yemizi ekhiqizwe efemini.
  • Umkhiqizi oyedwa kuphela, u-Lustron, okhiqize izindlu ze-prefab ngamanani abalulekile futhi okungenzeka ukuthi wazuza kwezomnotho zokukhiqiza ngobuningi.Abanye abakhiqizi bakhiqize ngamanani amancane kangangokuthi abakwazanga ukwenza inguquko kusukela ekukhiqizweni kobuciko ukuya ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi.
  • Izindleko zokukhiqiza ziyenyuka zehlisiwe noma zaqeda inzuzo yentengo yokuqala ebikezelwe ezindlini ze-aluminiyamu ezakhiwe ngaphambili nensimbi, ngisho nakuLustron.Abakwazanga ukuncintisana ngentengo nezindlu ezakhiwe ngendlela efanayo.
  • Odabeni lukaLustron, amacala enkohlakalo ezinkampani aholele ekutheni i-Reconstruction Finance Corporation ibambe imali ebolekiwe yakwaLustron, kwaphoqa ukuthi le nkampani iqophe ngokushesha.

Kulezi zifundo zangemva kwe-WW II, kanye nentshisekelo evuselelwe "emizini emincane", kubonakala sengathi kufanele kube nebhizinisi lefektri yesimanje, eyingozi, ehlakaniphile yokukhiqiza ngenani eliphansi kwezindlu eziqinile ezakhiwe ngaphambilini ezakhiwe. kusuka ku-aluminium, insimbi, kanye/noma ezinye izinto.Lezi zindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambilini zingaba nosayizi onesizotha, zesimanjemanje, ezihehayo, ezonga amandla (i-LEED-certified), futhi zenziwe ngendlela oyifisayo ngokwezinga elithile kuyilapho zihlonipha idizayini evamile.Lezi zindlu kufanele zakhelwe ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi futhi zihlale ezindaweni ezincane emadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni.Ngikholwa ukuthi kunemakethe enkulu e-US yalolu hlobo lwezindlu zamanani aphansi, ikakhulukazi njengendlela yokubhekana nokushoda kwezindlu ezithengekayo okungapheli ezindaweni eziningi zasemadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni.Kodwa-ke, kusenezithiyo ezinkulu okufanele zinqotshwe, ikakhulukazi lapho izinyunyana zabasebenzi bemboni yezokwakha kungenzeka zime endleleni futhi, eCalifornia, lapho kungekho muntu ozofuna indlu enesizotha eyakhiwe ngaphambili eseduze neMcMansion yabo.

Ungalanda ikhophi ye-pdf yalokhu okuthunyelwe, ungafaki izindatshana ngazinye, lapha:

https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Post-WW-II-aluminium-steel-prefab-houses-converted.pdf
6. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe

Inkinga yezindlu yase-US yangemva kwe-WW II kanye nezindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambili:

Inkinga yezindlu yase-UK yangemva kwe-WW II kanye nekhaya elakhiwe ngaphambili:

Inkinga yezindlu yaseFrance yangemva kweWW II kanye nezindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambili:

  • U-Elisabeth Blanchet, “Prefabs in France,” Prefab Museum (UK), 2016:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/history/prefabs-in-france
  • U-Nicole C. Rudolph, "Ekhaya e-Postwar France - Izindlu Zanamuhla ZeMisa kanye Nelungelo Lokududuza," I-Berghahn Monographs ku-French Studies (Incwadi 14), I-Berghahn Books, March 2015, ISBN-13: 978-1782385875.Isingeniso sale ncwadi siyatholakala ku-inthanethi kulesi sixhumanisi esilandelayo:https://berghahnbooks.com/downloads/intros/RudolphAt_intro.pdf
  • Kenny Cupers, “The Social Project: Housing Postwar France,” University Of Minnesota Press, May 2014, ISBN-13: 978-0816689651
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-12-2022
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